giulio douhet strategic bombing

It ranges from 1884 when an air service was first implemented within the Italian military to the outbreak of the Second World War, and explores the evolution and dissemination of Douhet's ideas in an international context. "true" : "false") + "; expires=" + d.toUTCString() + "; path=/"; Both expected to be heavily involved in a land war, if and when war came, and so both structured their air programs to support land action. During area bombing runs wave after wave of bombers, including as many as 1,000 airplanes, would sweep over a wide expanse and drop hundreds, perhaps thousands, of tons of bombs on the … Even greater devastation would be possible as increases in technology enabled bombers to carry still heavier loads. var d = new Date(); Of course, this wasn’t always the case, and students of US military history often assume Gen Billy Mitchell led the drive to develop a strategic bombing doctrine during World War I and the 1920s. General Giulio Douhet (30 May 1869 – 15 February 1930) was an Italian general and air power theorist. WW2 proved his theory as valid, however, he overestimated the moral effect on bombarded population.He also didn’t see another way of using airpower we have now. There were many reasons for this. Even today, the full effect of the strategic bombing campaigns of World War II remains open to dispute. Douhet saw strategic bombing as not merely a new tool for the waging of war, but the source of a profound change in the nature of war itself. France and Germany did not commit to such a program. In his book Douhet argued that air power was revolutionary because it operated in the third dimension. He was a contemporary of the 1920s air warfare advocates Walther Wever, Billy Mitchell and Sir Hugh Trenchard. Conclusion: Douhet's strategic bombing principles were applicable in the 40s, 70s and 90s. It is clear that Douhet promised more than they were ever able to deliver. “It may be said that Douhet was the theorist of the air power, Mitchell the publicist and catalytic agent, and Trenchard the organizational genius.” -Harry H. Ransom. After the war’s end, he took his theories to the public in the form of a book, “The Command of the Air,” in 1921. The air force that could achieve command of the air by bombing the enemy air arm into extinction would doom its enemy to perpetual bombardment. Nor was the economic effect of damage to industrial centers as great a disruption as planners had hoped. Once the raids began, they developed their own logic, and eventually heavy bombers were developed to supplant the zeppelins, carrying heavier bomb loads in a smaller and less vulnerable frame. Airpower Prophets: Giulio Douhet, Billy Mitchell and Hugh Trenchard. Naval Institute Press 2017, 272 pp. While several air power enthusiasts contributed significantly to the development of strategic bombers, it was the work of Italian General Giulio Douhet that offered the clearest and most influential vision. The economic arguments could seem equally compelling. Giulio Douhet, an Italian army officer who never learnt to fly, first published one of military theory’s most recognized and controversial works on airpower, The Command of The Air, in 1921. Oddly, the clearest voice in support of this practice came from neither of those two nations, but from Italy. He was a contemporary of the 1920s air warfare advocates Walther Wever, Billy Mitchell and Sir Hugh Trenchard. Strategic bombing was one of the most controversial aspects of the Second World War, from both a military and moral perspective. National Archives. Douhet died in 1930, but his work had many admirers in governments throughout Europe, and in America. Nothing makes this clearer than his suggestion that some of the bombs contain poison gas instead of high explosives or incendiaries. General Giulio Douhet was an Italian general and air power theorist. Douhet was a close friend of Aurthor Ntandika, a national of Malawi who was based in Italy at the time, who supported him during the finalization of his theory. script.setAttribute("src", "//www.npttech.com/advertising.js"); Certainly, the war provided the Soviets with the opportunity to expand their reach into other countries, and more to the point, captured German factories were literally dismantled and reassembled inside the Soviet Union. Aircraft could fly over surface forces, relegating them to secondary importance. stalemate with Austria, Douhet proposed just such an attack against Austrian cities by an independent bomber force of 500 aircraft. At the same time, however, it seems that no one theorist had more of an effect than Douhet on the creation of those campaigns. Douhet had urged his superiors to develop heavy bombers for the Italian army during the war, without any effect. To be sure, there were German planners who were swayed by Douhet’s arguments, and their responses to his work manifested themselves in events from Guernica to the London Blitz to the Siege of Leningrad, but in the big picture, the Luftwaffe was neither structured nor equipped for a serious and sustained strategic bombing program. Giulio Douhet was one of the world's most important early air power strategists. General Giulio Douhet (30 May 1869 - 15 February 1930) was an Italian general and air power theorist. Command of the air meant victory. Anness, 2009, Van Creveld, Martin. It charts the development of the strategy of targeting civilian populations from … General Giulio Douhet (30 May 1869 – 15 February 1930) was an Italian general and air power theorist. The Art of War: War and Military Thought. Even before the war, Douhet had been an enthusiast for new technologies and even indulged in metaphysical speculations on how technology might alter the human spirit. strategic bombing theory. The Soviets are a curious case. Strategic bombing is a way to strike at an enemy sooner. Their theories shaped military aviation for all time. War Since 1900. var setNptTechAdblockerCookie = function(adblocker) { The first bombing of a city was on the night of 24–25 August 1914, when eight bombs were dropped from a German airship onto the Belgian city of Antwerp.. He was a key proponent of strategic bombing in aerial warfare. Concluding, as so many officers from World War One did, that advances in defensive technology had made the job of the attacker virtually impossible, Douhet saw in the airplane a way to cut through the impasse. Considering Soviet behavior during and after the war, it might seem equally likely that Stalin adopted reasoning much like Hitler’s. He argued that three bombers could match the destructive power of a battleship’s salvo at a tiny fraction of the cost. Douhet foresaw the change in nature of war. This is a point that deserves some emphasis. Later he attended the Polytechnic Institute in Turin where he studied science and engineering. Some form of strategic bombing is tightly woven into our military doctrine. Indeed, the Royal Air Force had been created as a unique arm of service in 1918 to effect this. His ideas were rejected, and for criticizing Italian military leaders in memoranda to the cabinet, he was court- 1Lee Kennett, A History of Strategic Bombing … The Reader’s Companion to Military History. This is important, because the human consequences were considered monstrous even in the immediate wake of World War I. Douhet’s argument called for the dispatch of bombers to strike the major cities of the enemy as soon as the war begins. Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age.  The vastness of the sky made defense almost impossible, so the essence of air power was the offensive. There is, in other words, a direct and logical line from Douhet’s theories to the Allied strategic bombing campaigns against Japan (and Germany), and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Even today, the full effect of the strategic bombing campaigns of World War II remains open to dispute. HarperCollins, 2005, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window). Yet, Douhet, with little actual airpower experience, did Douhet did not see this as an unfortunate side-effect: it was part of his primary intention. In World War I, the rudiments of strategic bombing developed without such a vision. None had the full effect that was expected. The first effective strategic bombing was pioneered by the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) in 1914. This book offers the first comprehensive interpretation of Douhet's strategic thinking and its broader context. Free shipping for many products! The Night Blitz: 1940-1941. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University . Axelrod, Alan. To sum up the result of my research: Giulio Douhet established principles and goals of strategic bombing that were used in WW2. In the end, it would be the Army that seized new lands, and so the Luftwaffe would need to assist the Army in this task. He was a contemporary of the 1920s air warfare advocates Walther Wever, Billy Mitchell and Hugh Trenchard. Not only is Douhet's airpower doctrine relevant today, it will be relevant tomorrow as well. He was a key proponent of strategic bombing in aerial warfare. Area Bombing (also called Strategic Bombing): In contrast to precision bombing, area bombing targeted entire cities, consisting of many square miles, and not specific military or industrial targets. Furthermore, populations proved more resilient to bombing campaigns directed at them in World War II than Douhet, and other theorists like Hugh Trenchard, imagined. The seeds of Douhet's apocalyptic predictions found fertile soil in France, Germany, and the United States, where excerpts from his book The Command of the Air (1921) were published. Douhet’s scientific calculations had assumed an even distribution of explosives over a target, and no real bombing raid ever came close to such a distribution. Hear about their lives, controversies, courts martial and lasting influence. strategic bombing would never be as precise as artillery, which the precision revolution proved was possible. Indeed, the absence of a true heavy bomber is conspicuous. The early German zeppelin raids were somewhat opportunistic, in that the existence of a zeppelin fleet made them possible, while Britain’s control of the seas made any other form of direct attack on England impossible. Buy Bombing the People: Giulio Douhet and the Foundations of Air-Power Strategy, 1884–1939 (Cambridge Military Histories) First Edition by Hippler, Thomas (ISBN: 9781107037946) from Amazon's Book Store. Both governments found the idea of targeting civilians, per se, abhorrent, and took some measures to mitigate the human toll; of course, the prospect of using poison gas was disregarded. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. It is here that the vision of a theorist enjoys key importance. script.setAttribute("onerror", "setNptTechAdblockerCookie(true);"); Douhet’s scientific calculations had assumed an even distribution of explosives over a target, and no real bombing raid ever came close to such a distribution. Strategic bombing was used in World War I, though it was not understood in its present form. Rather, Douhet demonstrated the scientific and economic rationale for a strategic bombing program that proved compelling for many planners. It is clear that Douhet promised more than they were ever able to deliver. d.setTime(d.getTime() + 60 * 60 * 24 * 2 * 1000); Bombing the People: Giulio Douhet and the Foundations of Air-Power Strategy, 1884-1939 Thomas Hippler Charts how Giulio Douhet's pioneering strategy of targeting civilian populations with air power developed from 1884 to World War II. Princeton, 1986, Ray, John. Credit to Nicholas Morrow. This did not change in Germany when Hitler took power; indeed, Hitler redoubled the tactical (as opposed to strategic) emphasis in the Luftwaffe. document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(script); I was not able to understand in what Wever differed materially from Douhet, who is also described in Wikipedia as "a key proponent of strategic bombing … An early supporter of strategic bombing and the military superiority of air forces was General Giulio Douhet. document.cookie = "__adblocker=; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT; path=/"; script.setAttribute("async", true); And finally, there is the fact that neither Britain nor America had designs on the exploitation of occupied land. But Douhet and others found problems with his ideas. The first is their geographical isolation, separating them from their enemies by seas or oceans. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001, Paret, Peter, ed. He argued that command of an enemy’s air space and subsequent bombing of industrialized centers would be so disruptive and destructive that the pressure for peace would be overwhelming. One of the 20th century's earliest advocates of air power (and quite possibly the most vociferous), General Giulio Douhet's staunch support of strategic bombing would take the doctrine of total war in a terrifyingly modern direction: establishing air superiority over enemy territory and mercilessly bombing their industrial centers, thereby forcing the enemy to sue for peace. For their part, the British developed heavy bombers of their own, and made attacks on Germany a priority. Not all bombers reached their targets, and when they did, they had much less effect than the planners had anticipated. To be sure, there are some flaws in the argument. Starting with the first comprehensive theory of airpower, that of Italian Air Marshal Giulio Douhet, it is possible to see the roots of subsequent concepts of strategic airpower. Via Frank (1999). If the assumptions about strategic bombing proved correct, it would hasten the end of the war. It also mitigates the risk to one’s own armed forces. He was a contemporary of the 1920s air warfare advocates Walther Wever, Billy Mitchell and Sir Hugh Trenchard. In fairness, no nation actually suspended its naval program when adopting heavy bombers. To Douhet, this last category was the most important. Davis Learning Center (DLC) ... concept of strategic bombing and advocated independent air forces. Thames & Hudson, 2010, Cowley, Robert et al. document.cookie = "__adblocker=" + (adblocker ? General Giulio Douhet, aerial warfare visionary and the prophet of strategic bombing was a military innovator and the first great airpower theorist in history. Nonetheless, theory evolved through the years until it collided with the nuclear age. graduate Strategic Bombing. There were several reasons, however, why strategic bombing enjoyed great appeal in these countries. (function(src){var a=document.createElement("script");a.type="text/javascript";a.async=true;a.src=src;var b=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b)})("//experience.tinypass.com/xbuilder/experience/load?aid=bYdYZQml5V"). He was an early proponent of the theory of strategic bombing as a means to wage war, opposing the theories of Giulio Douhet. Build an air-minded public that will be ready for the effects of strategic bombing. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Cambridge Military Histories Ser. Flattening an enemy’s factories was fine, insofar as neither nation had any desire to claim those factories for themselves. Douhet identified five basic types of targets: industrial centers, transportation infrastructure, communications, key buildings, and civilian morale. Giulio Douhet is generally considered the world's most important air-power theorist and this book offers the first comprehensive account of his air-power concepts. Early Soviet interest is doubtless based on the scientific veneer that strategic bombing advocates offered. } Moreover, he presented his case in scientific and economic terms that doubtless endeared his argument to many policymakers. In the event, only the British and Americans carried on a true strategic bombing campaign, while the Germans undertook some attacks that were clearly influenced by the theories of Douhet. In Hitler’s case, the conquest of foreign lands is clearly a major consideration. Douhe… Three airpower prophets from three nations created the concept of strategic bombing and advocated independent air forces. That, in turn, required the support of planners and politicians committed to the concept of strategic bombing. As for the decision to abandon the program, some suggest that Stalin’s purges inadvertently killed the program. He bluntly advised heavy use of urban bombing, which would kill … Trained as an artillery officer, from 1912 to 1915 Douhet served as commander of the Aeronautical Battalion, Italy’s first aviation unit (also the first to practice aerial bombardment, in Libya during Italy’s war with Turkey, 1911–12). Douhet calculated that forty heavy bombers carrying two tons of bombs each would have delivered enough firepower to flatten a city like Treviso. Giulio Douhet >Giulio Douhet (1869-1930) is regarded as one of the first military >strategists to recognize the predominant role aerial warfare would play in >twentieth-century battle. The only defense was a good offense. [citation needed… Furthermore, Hitler would be interested in seeing enemy factories claimed for German use, rather than being reduced to rubble. The first is that bomber groups were not effectively impervious to enemy countermeasures, as Douhet had assumed. They took an early interest in the concept, and then abandoned it, preferring instead to focus on tactical aircraft, much as the Germans did. He was a key proponent of strategic bombing in aerial warfare. Giulio Douhet had served as a staff officer in the Italian Army, and he witnessed the futility of the Italian offensives along the river Isonzo. Their theories shaped military aviation for all time. Barnes & Noble, 2012, Sommerville, Donald. The Real History of World War II: A New Look at the Past. He was a key proponent of strategic bombing in aerial warfare. Sterling, 2008, Black, Jeremy, ed. : Bombing the People : Giulio Douhet and the Foundations of Air-Power Strategy, 1884-1939 by Thomas Hippler (2013, Hardcover) at the best online prices at eBay! Indeed, it was in Britain and America where his work was most fully emulated. (It should be noted that it was not Douhet, but rather British prime minister Stanley Baldwin who said “The bomber will always get through.”) Fighter craft and anti-aircraft technology had advanced substantially, while radar gave the British a distinct advantage during the Battle of Britain. This would destroy the industrial core of the nation under attack, but it would also result in the deaths of many civilians, and the complete disruption of life for the survivors. A battleship can reasonably be expected to fire more than one salvo, so the cost of a battleship should not really be compared with the cost of three bombers. The Complete Illustrated History of World War II. In Italy, the airpower prophet General Giulio Douhet asserted the basic principle of strategic bombing was the offensive, and there was no defense against carpet bombing and poison gas attacks. Strategic bombing seems like an obvious application of air power, but it took a substantial amount of research and development to build air fleets capable of projecting that power. var script = document.createElement("script"); Douhet thought that the more destructive the initial bombing campaign was, the more quickly and humanely the war would end in the long run. In it, he argued that the immediate use of an overwhelming fleet of bombers to shatter an enemy’s industrial base and will to fight would remove the need for ground combat of any sort. The civilians of Britain and Germany alike proved much more resilient than Douhet and his admirers assumed, although it should be observed that no one actually pressed these attacks with the full level of ruthlessness that Douhet had suggested. Giulio Douhet, (born May 30, 1869, Caserta, Italy—died Feb. 15, 1930, Rome), Italian army general and the father of strategic air power.. Born in Caserta, Campania, Italy, he attended the Modena Military Academy[citation needed] and was commissioned into the artillery of the Italian Army in 1882. by Professor Bob Berlin . Known as the father of airpower, Douhet's theories >are still popular among modern military aviators. The Origins of American Strategic Bombing Theory by Craig F. Morris. The military superiority of air forces was general Giulio Douhet created the concept of strategic bombing tightly! Bombing was pioneered by the Royal air Force had been created as a means to giulio douhet strategic bombing War opposing. Isolation, separating them from their enemies by seas or oceans match the destructive power of a theorist key. 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