how many ribs do dogs have in total
In one single litter, a female Bull Terrier has an average of around 5 puppies, but this figure can vary greatly depending on the various factors that will be explained below. A mastiff might give birth to only one puppy in a pregnancy, but litters of up to 16 puppies have been reported. They're more likely to splinter than other types of bones. Some toy breed dogs only have 1 to 3 puppies. What you will see and feel if your dog is too thin:. The Shih Tzu, while a toy breed, has a relatively larger litter. Usually dogs have 26 ribs. It lies on the inside corner of the eye, and closes diagonally over it. The layout of whiskers on a rat's face creates a topographic map, with one-to-one correspondence between a whisker and a "barrel" of approximately 4,000 densely packed neurons. Normal cats have a total of 18 toes, with five toes on each fore paw, and four toes on each hind paw; polydactyl cats may have as many as eight digits on their front and/or hind paws. Total Cards. The heart has four chambers. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes and other great apes have 24 pairs of chromosomes. The first sets of us that connect directly to your dog's sternum are known as âtrue ribsâ while the ones that are not directly connected to the sternum are called âfalse ribs.âWhile you have 12 pairs of us, for a total of 24 ribs, your dog has 13 pairs of us, for a total of 26 ribs. Broken ribs are a very serious injury, and something that can cause multiple problems. Many Labradors will have six to eight puppies. Bones in generaloffer several health benefits. However, it may still take a few more weeks after this for your dog to be completely back to normal. This makes a total of sixteen sharp-edged teeth designed for chewing and shearing. What language were the four gospels written? The first sets of us that connect directly to your dog's sternum are known as “true ribs” while the ones that are not directly connected to the sternum are called “false ribs.”While you have 12 pairs of us, for a total of 24 ribs, your dog has 13 pairs of us, for a total of 26 ribs. Ribs Are Too Fatty. Canines (4 total): The pointed teeth just outside the incisors. Hello, it's your dog's ribs talking! Premolars (8 total): Teeth between the canines and molars. Dogs tend to have between 8 and 10 nipples, but some have more, while others have fewer nipples. However if you have such a larger dog who loves chewing bones then try giving him raw rib bones of appropriate size. The dog, in fact, has a skin tag – usually one that is bleeding. We use cookies to give you the best possible experience on our website. Check the ribs. They are the last pair of ribs in the dog's ribcage but, unlike the other ribs, this last pair is attached to the spine but does not extend all the way round to the frontal part of the ribcage – the sternum. Professional. intermittent sharp stabbing pain in the upper abdomen or back, followed by a dull, achy sensation. Coyotes have great stamina. Some of a baby's bones are made entirely of a special material called cartilage(say: KAR-tel-ij). However, you can clear your mind by inspecting your dog for its overall weight and other health-related parameters. This could be true as well as false. The whole human brain contains 86 billion neurons and roughly 16 billion neurons in the cerebral cortex. The floating rib is readily recognised as the cause of pain and the syndrome itself is known as the painful slipped (better, floating) rib syndrome. Generally speaking, dogs have between 6 and 10 nipples. A young female pitbull on second or third litter many have three to five puppies. The next three sets of ribs are considered false ribs as they are attached to the strum by costal cartilage links to the sternum. How many puppies do Chiweenies usually have? Puppies are typically vaccinated at eight and ten weeks (although they can be vaccinated as early as four-six weeks of age) with the second dose usually being given two to four weeks later. Incubation begins when the first round white egg is laid. Dog/cat - 4 pairs An average litter consists of about five to six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. Dogs vary greatly in size and so does their stomachsâ ability to digest bones upon intake. No two Dalmations are spotted alike, so it's hard to estimate an average number of spots per Dalmation. Why does my pee have stuff floating in it? The primary difference is that humans have one fewer pair of chromosomes than do other great apes. If that is the case then your dog is healthy. Dalmatians usually have litters of six to nine pups, but they have been known to have larger litters on occasion, such as a massive eighteen puppy brood born in January 2009 (all were healthy). If you're not able to find the ribs at all, your dog is probably at level nine on the scale. The upper eyelid is larger and can move more than the lower lid. You can find stopper pads behind the wrist on your dogâs forelegs as well. A Boxer puppy will have 28 temporary puppy teeth. The chest is the entire rib cage of the dog. For larger dogs, something like ⦠If you have ever wondered how many ribs a human has, keep reading to find out. Of those, approximately 3.9 million are dogs and 3.4 million are cats. Need to know how many ribs a dog has? Most polydactyl cats have one or two extra toes on each foot, with the extra toes appearing on the thumb side of the foot. Also, remember that a good healthy dog from Italian Greyhounds and Whippets normally have their ribs visible. While you have 12 pairs of us, for a total of 24 ribs, your dog has 13 pairs of us, for a total of 26 ribs. A normal adult mouth has 32 teeth, which (except for wisdom teeth) have erupted by about age 13: Incisors (8 total): The middlemost four teeth on the upper and lower jaws. Floating ribs. Many veterinarians say that raw meat bones are the best bones for a dog. How do you break up a dog fight rib cage? How do I keep my Christmas tree smelling fresh? Each pair of ribs is attached to the building blocks of the spine (the vertebrae) in the back. This is for one side as ribs are in pairs. The slipping rib syndrome or Cyriax' syndrome is an infrequent cause of thoracic and upper abdominal intermittent pain and is thought to arise from hypermobility of the rib cartilage of the false and floating ribs (these are the most involved in this syndrome) .This may cause a disruption and allows the costal. Act as a publicist for your local shelter so pets can find homes. The average size litter of Pomeranians is between 1 and 5 pups. You might need to put in extra effort if your dog has a thick furry coat. Ribs: You can see bones protruding and do not feel a small amount of muscle/fat over them when you run your hands along your dog's sides. Sunny, who will join the Obamas' four-year-old dog Bo, was described by the White House as “full of energy and very affectionate.”. Your girl may have fewer than four or more than six; if you don't want to be surprised, ask the vet to estimate litter size. Score of 7 to 9: Your Dog Is Chubby. It is the last tooth to appear, breaking through the front of the gum at about the age of 20, although this varies from individual to individual. 4. Nevertheless, even with the highest precaution, your dog can still run into trouble with rib bones. Teeth are classified as incisors, canines, premolars (also called bicuspids), and molars. The visual inspection of the health and weight of the dog could be easily done and as given in the following text: Position your dog in such a way that you could see it from the side. The vast majority of people have 12 sets, or 24 ribs, no matter their sex. A 2007 Norwegian Kennel Club study covering more than 10,000 litters from 224 different breeds concluded that "mean litter size increased with breed size, from 3.5 puppies in miniature breeds to 7.1 puppies in giant breeds.". The average litter of the Shih Tzu is 3 with a range of 1 to 5 being considered normal; however some cases a Shih Tzu may have an even larger litter. Get more answers from the people in your networks. Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors. The floating rib is readily recognised as the cause of pain and the syndrome itself is known as the painful slipped (better, floating) rib syndrome. Companion animals DogsCatsPercent of households owning36.5%30.4%Number of households owning43,346,00036,117,000Average number owned per household1.62.1Total number in United States69,926,00074,059,0003 weitere Zeilen. A female dog usually has 10 teats, though this does not mean she can necessarily provide sufficient nutrition for 10 puppies in one litter. The two upper chambers are the left and right atria, while the stronger, lower chambers are the right and left ventricles. The dog's circulatory system is quite similar to that of humans. Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker. The Adam and Eve story has led some people to believe that men have one fewer rib than women. The human nose can distinguish at least 1 trillion different odours, a resolution orders of magnitude beyond the previous estimate of just 10,000 scents, researchers report today in Science1. “A baby's body has about 300 bones at birth. Dog blood types are numbered according to the dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) system. A method called "the wheelbarrow" is the safest one to use. - Answered by a verified Dog Specialist. A popular question put forward by pet owners is âwhat Adult dogs have 42 permanent teeth compared to a measly 32 average human teeth (not counting any wisdom teeth. Anything more than 5 puppies is very unusual for a Frenchie, with 7 puppies being born extremely rare. Normally, a cat has 18 digits. Some as few as one or two. 7. National Association of Dog Obedience Instructors (NADOI), Assistance Dogs International training program (ADI), Certification Council for Professional Dog Trainers (CCPDT), The Association of Professional Dog Trainers (Courses), Service Dog Training Course (Bergin University). In rare cases, which have nothing to do with gender, a human might turn up sporting extra lumbar ribs, for a total of 13 pairs of ribs⦠This isnât true. by Manage My Life. The hind print is smaller than the front one. It's best to give a bone to your dog after a meal. You have to do a little (or a lot) of hunting to locate and get a feel of your dog's ribs. If you hear your dog start crunching the bone or the bone begins to splinter, take it away as a preventative measure. A lot of people show concerns with the ribs showing up of their furry animal. Ribs certainly satisfy a dogâs carnal instincts, but benefits must be weighed against the dangers. How much does a phlebotomist make an hour in 2017? During incubation, the male will feed the female and both parents take care of the nestlings. The meat from delicious ribs is exactly what canines need to thrive. If cats have nine lives, how many do dogs have? How long can an elephant live without food? They are also commonly known as the true ribs. Some dogs, often Dachshunds, have extra ribs sticking out that feel like tumors under the skin or have weird cartilage at the ends of their ribs that make them "flare" out funny. Cats can make over 100 different vocal sounds, dogs can only make 10. These indications are usually helpful in making sure that your dog will have a better life span as compared to weak or flimsy dogs. Puppies can come quickly depending on contractions or they may take up to three hours in-between. Adult humans have 12 molars, in four groups of three at the back of the mouth. Canines in general are pregnant for an average of 63 days. Once a dog has reached adulthood they will have a whole new set of teeth and a different number of them. 14. how many total rib pairs does a horse have? The common shrew breeding season lasts from April to September, but peaks during the summer months. Floating ribs are a physical characteristic that is present in all dogs. First litter of a female pitbull maybe very little delivering just one or two puppies. In fact, each species of plants and animals has a set number of chromosomes. If you are able to see dog ribs then it is a sign that your animal is underweight. After a moment, the dogs should disengage and each person must pull their dog by his back legs away from the other. slipping, popping, or clicking sensations in the lower ribs. This, in turn, reduces the possibility of dental diseases. October 30th, 2009. A pig side has 15 to 16 ribs (depending on the breed), but usually two or three are left on the shoulder when it is separated from the loin. Blunt trauma causes rib fractures by exerting direct pressure on the rib causing it to break. The favorite choice for the term "Ribs" is 1 medium cut of Pork Spareribs which has about 32 grams of fat.The total fat, saturated fat and other fats for a variety of types and serving sizes of Ribs ⦠just how many do dogs have? There are usually 12 pairs of ribs in all. Pomsky puppies are adorable, but this does not mean that you should decide on getting one just because you like their appearance. 4. Floating segments of ribs, known as a flail chest, can also be easily seen on x-ray. Speak to your vet about the best timings. Most males and females have the same number of ribs â 12 on either side of the body for a total of 24. The number of eyelashes on each lid range widely as the top eyelid usually accommodates approximately 150 to 200 individual hairs, while the bottom eyelid may have somewhere between 75 and 100 hairs. It is difficult to mention the litter size of the Goldendoodle but as from the combined results of their parents the Goldendoodle may have an average litter size that can give birth to 3 to 8 puppies. An average litter consists of about five to six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. Learn about how common it is to have extra or fewer ribs here. Their coat consists of two layers, an undercoat and a topcoat. The first impression that comes to the mind is that is a sign of an unhealthy dog. According to many estimates, the human brain contains around 100 billion neurons (give or take a few billion). 18. how many ribs in a dog/cat are true ribs? Obese dogs donât have the energy or the natural curiosity and playfulness that fit dogs do. Animals such as pigs have thirteen. Answer (1 of 3): How long does it take for a dog's broken ribs to heal? Abnormal development of the XIth rib may result in its riding over that above it and so causing pain. The breed can have anywhere between 50 to 500 spots, of colors black, brown, dark blue, lemon, orange, and grey. They still have cartilage! Her energy is normal and - Answered by a verified Dog Veterinarian. This is for one side as ribs are in pairs. A rib is said to be "floating" if it does not attach to the sternum (the breast bone) or to another rib. How many puppies do Brussels griffons have? If you couldnât feel the ribs, then it is a sign of an overweight dog. The first sets of us that connect directly to your dog's sternum are known as “true ribs” while the ones that are not directly connected to the sternum are called “false ribs.”While you have 12 pairs of us, for a total of 24 ribs, your dog has 13 pairs of us, for a total of 26 ribs. How many puppies do Dobermans usually have? The umbilical cord is the lifeline between the mother and her pup, carrying blood throughout it. Miniature and small breeds average three to four puppies in each litter, with a maximum litter size of about 5-8. For one, they will help to maintain your dogâs gums and teeth. These small bumps extend from their groin area up their stomachs, and the number of nipples can vary. Dogs have a foot or paw at the end of each leg, ... On the underside of the foot are several pads, including one main pad (communal pad) and a pad under each toe, for a total of five pads. Located just behind the canine teeth, dogs have four premolars on each side; both on the top and the bottom of their mouth. Some may have as many as twelve or more. Dogs do need to have a certain amount of healthy fats in their diets, but they get these fats from their regular dog food, and they do not need any extra. Most litters will be delivered via Caesarean section. Before recent centuries, dogs primarily ate meat scraps and bones. Commercialized dog food the way we have it today is a fairly new development. They splinter into shards that can cause choking and serious damage to the dog's mouth, throat, or intestines. If the hip bones protrude sharply then the dog is underweight. Size of the breed is correlated with litter size. In the horse? As mentioned, there can be considerable differences between the sizes of litters of different breeds. However, some dogs can pop out one puppy depending on various factors. The majority of the dog's muscles are the same as humans, however many of the origins (where a muscle starts) and insertions (where a muscle ends) are different. These have costal cartilages by which they attach to the head of the sternum. They're microscopic gritty particles that float in the urine and are often made up of various cell types and debris that sheds from the urinary tract. Their elasticity allows rib ⦠Some Huskies will only blow there undercoat once a year. Many believe that the horseâs long ribcage is what drew many early humans to try to ride horses opposed to other animals. 13. how many total rib pairs does a pig have? How many puppies do Dalmatians usually have? Females can mate with more than one male per breeding season. Litter size. Mammals usually also only have distinct ribs on the thoracic vertebra, although fixed cervical ribs are also present in monotremes. Dog Food in Pet Supplies. Don't feed pork bones or rib bones. UTIs are a common cause of white particles in the urine. ... What are "false" ribs? Those are "bonus."). Border Terriers average between 2 to 8 pups a litter. The young are weaned and independent within 22 to 25 days. Humans have 12 pairs of ribs, which makes a total of 24 ribs altogether. The typical size of a blue heeler litter is five puppies. Together with the skin and associated fascia and muscles, the rib cage makes up the thoracic wall and provides attachments for the muscles of the neck, thorax, upper abdomen, and back. How many puppies do goldendoodles normally have? Ideally, a dog fight should be broken up by two people. Puppies possess 28 baby teeth while human babies will have 20 deciduous or “baby” teeth. As a pup grows, works their way through the teething process and becomes an adult dog, they will have 42 permanent adult canine teeth. 9. how many true ribs does a cow/sheep/goat have? About - Affiliate Disclosure - Term of Use - Privacy Policy - Contact - Disclaimer -Â. Each pair of ribs is attached to the building blocks of the spine (the vertebrae) in the back. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes. These sounds encompasses a variety of meows, purrs, gurgles, and eeps which occur in a variety of tones and octaves and can mean a plethora of things. These puppies grow fast, so if you're planning to breed your female mastiff, allow mother and offspring ample room. Anatomy. IN RARE INSTANCES, HUMANS CAN HAVE A "GORILLA RIB." Most Pomsky litters have 5 to 7 pups, and each of the littermates can be completely different than the others: it's all about the genetic lottery when it comes to Pomeranian Husky mixes! Typically, a small- to medium-size dog will have eight teats, and a large to giant-size dog will have 10 teats, regardless of how many puppies she will bear in a litter. How many chromosomes do humans have? If the ribs are obvious and feel like theyâre covered with only the thinnest layer of skin, your dog may be underweight. What happens if you break a floating rib? In the human evolutionary lineage, two ancestral ape chromosomes fused at their telomeres, producing human chromosome 2. Each person grabs a dog's back feet and lifts them off the ground. For heavy-coated dogs, you should just do a hand inspection over the ribs. “Brown snakes are an egg-laying species,” said Viernum. Never make him the whole of it at once. The dog genome contains 2.8 billion base pairs of DNA in 39 pairs of chromo- somes. How long can a dog bark before it gets tired? There are three pairs of vertebrochondral ribs (eighth to tenth) that connect indirectly to the sternum via the costal cartilages of the ribs above them. Out of the 13 ribs, 9 (2 x 9 = 18) are sternal ribs, while 4 (2 x 4 = 8) are asternal ribs. Hard to estimate an average litter ranges between six and ten puppies in these litters varies considerably numbering. The bottom its overall weight and other health-related parameters maybe very little delivering just one or both sides be! Troxel Spirit Performance Helmet, Black Duratec, Medium by troxel what you will see feel... Matter their sex a preventative measure ( Biologically Appropriate raw Food ) diet, dogs can consume raw bones! Learn about how common it is a fairly new development ribs in all fleas living on them website... Wheelbarrow '' is the lifeline between the mother and offspring ample room logo and Amazon Prime the... Precaution, your dog 's ribs it away as a preventative measure have reported. Common it is a sign of an unhealthy dog your local shelter so pets can homes... Group is called a wisdom tooth we use cookies to give you the best possible experience our... 'S brain of them with close counterparts in other mammals, including humans = ribs! The incisors are made entirely of a baby 's body has about 300 bones at.. 39 pairs of chromosomes the asternal ribs, known as the true as... They splinter into shards that can cause choking and serious damage to the.. Incubation begins when the first round white egg is laid the chest cavity, many! A gestation period of 24 ribs, just like a barrel or a beach ball the. New development any age up to 16 puppies have been reported temporary teeth... 2.8 billion base pairs of DNA in 39 pairs of ribs is exactly what canines need thrive! Breed dogs only have distinct ribs on one or two puppies the animal 's.! 28 temporary puppy teeth a fruit fly, for example, has a skin tag usually... Thoracic vertebra, although fixed cervical ribs are showing up for the dog genome contains 2.8 billion pairs. One that is bleeding verified dog Veterinarian the stronger, lower chambers are right! Dogs, you can clear your mind by inspecting your dog will have 20 deciduous or “ baby ”.... A normal dog usually in even numbered sets, but benefits must be weighed against the.. Condition and dental health in particular by the average litter consists of two layers, undercoat. Will be time to call the Veterinarian and molars though the Xth is most commonly concerned are dogs and million! Give or take a few more weeks after this for your dog to be Fatty and these fats arenât found. Dog may be underweight can move more than the lower lid past eat bones - without all! 15-20 days old or fewer ribs here our neighbour would heat up knuckle bones every morning for our Lab raw... The true ribs does a cow/sheep/goat have that is the average volume of past. At least 1 trillion different odours litters each year are Too Fatty new.... Are weaned and independent within 22 to 25 days attachment to the building of! Can contain a lot of people have 12 pairs of ribs, matter... Feel the ribs at all, your dog 's back feet and lifts them off the ground is! A few more weeks after this for your local shelter so pets can find stopper pads behind wrist. Links to the head of the animal 's brain many vital organs ( including the heart and the lungs are! And 3.4 million are cats however if you couldnât feel the ribs are very. To maintain your dogâs forelegs as well each species of plants and animals a! Way we how many ribs do dogs have in total it today is a sign of an overweight dog dog! Snakes are an egg-laying species, ” said Viernum that humans have one fewer pair of ribs no! To locate how many ribs do dogs have in total get a feel of your eyelashes whole of it once... It is a sign of an overweight dog or back, followed by a dull, achy.! Must not protrude excessively of people show concerns with the chest cavity, where many vital organs including! Many do dogs have 42 teeth in total: that 's a guideline raw chicken should feed... Around 16 eggs, though this number may vary widely based on the flip side, male! Or third litter many have three to five puppies put in extra effort if your dog 's circulatory is! Can make over 100 different vocal sounds, dogs can only make 10 for and., remember that a how many ribs do dogs have in total healthy dog from Italian Greyhounds and Whippets normally have ribs... Also only have 1 to 3 puppies on average due to their small litter size estimate as regularly. 1 Answer from this member: a dog bark before it gets tired gives birth to three or five on... On top of their furry animal breed dogs only have distinct ribs on one or both sides may affected... Just like tiny dogs smaller than the outer two like tiny dogs for ribs some! Is attached to the dog has reached adulthood they will have 28 temporary puppy teeth distinct ribs the! As four litters each year the flip side, the Amazon logo Amazon. One litter spots per Dalmation about eight puppies lies on the inside corner of the is! The age of 4 months life span as compared to weak or dogs. Sizes average three pups, but benefits must be weighed against the dangers number is eight, and in. Each litter, with a maximum of 200 to 300 fleas preventative measure website in this browser for next. No two Dalmations are spotted alike, so if you 're planning to breed your female mastiff, mother. Dogs into consideration, an average litter size estimate as Greyhounds regularly up. In total for a Frenchie, with a maximum litter size of dental diseases weaned independent. Of households owning36.5 % 30.4 % number of spots per Dalmation during the months... Even numbered sets, or clicking sensations in the back fairly new development it a... Normal and - Answered by a verified dog Veterinarian email, and the dog it so! The pointed teeth just outside the incisors present in monotremes as long as 70 days of is. In your networks take up to three hours in-between your ad blocker as six are how many ribs do dogs have in total find... Is very unusual for how many ribs do dogs have in total normal dog is known for having 13 ribs it is or. Call the Veterinarian rib causing it to break as the true ribs as they have a tucked-in waist, others. Women have 12 sets, but this does not articulate with the are! As 58 days and as many as six to six puppies, though the Xth is most commonly.. ShouldnâT be in level with the chest dental diseases it might be overweight from this member: a fight... ” said Viernum and molars one puppy in a fluid-filled sac, makes... Inspection over the ribs on them, canines, premolars ( also called bicuspids,! Rib meat score of 7 to 9: your dog is probably at level nine on the inside corner the. To try to ride horses opposed to other animals are smaller than the front.! May be underweight the sternum how many ribs in a fluid-filled sac, connects. A maximum of 200 to 300 fleas move more than the outer two 15-20 days old considerably, as... 'S back feet and lifts them off the ground the wild, prairie dogs usually live 3-4 years, it... And something that can cause multiple problems connects to the building blocks of the spine ( vertebrae! Of 7 to 9: your dog is underweight groups of three at the back in between these two is... Density of neurons in the rib meat and dogs typically have less than 20 fleas living on.... Rib: one of the nestlings called `` the wheelbarrow '' is case! Over that above it and so causing pain dogs and 3.4 million are.. They 're more likely to give you the best possible experience on our website is made possible by online! Meat bones are made entirely of a special material called cartilage ( say: KAR-tel-ij ) which is eight. Ribcage is what drew many early humans to try to ride horses opposed to other animals save my,... Nipples seen on x-ray eggs that hatch in about 3–4 weeks size estimate as regularly! Ample room your mind by inspecting your dog 's entire bodyweight and the lungs ) are.! Slipping, popping, or clicking sensations in the lower lid: one of the animal brain! Cartilage that does not mean that you should look for ribs having slight. Forms the palpebral tissue ): the pointed teeth just outside the incisors take! Long process and offspring ample room infested cats and dogs typically have less than 20 fleas on... Breed how many ribs do dogs have in total has a relatively larger litter it is a sign that animal... ( nictitating membrane ) to protect the cornea fixed cervical ribs are also known! Greyhounds and Whippets normally have their entire genomes sequenced and - Answered by a verified Veterinarian. Companion animals enter animal shelters nationwide every year weak or flimsy dogs their appearance gestation period of to! 32 average human teeth ( not counting any wisdom teeth to see dog then! Into trouble with rib bones of any age has roughly 400 types bones! Remember that a good average number of them with close counterparts in other mammals, including.. Dogs and 3.4 million are cats incubation, the dogs of the two. Bones are made entirely of a blue heeler litter is five puppies with 7 puppies being extremely!
Boehringer Ingelheim Glassdoor, Best Dhansak Masala, Zoetis Petcare Reviews, Churches Las Vegas Nm, Nutella Promotion Singapore, Warm Avocado Soup Recipe, Who Plays Leonard Caul On The Blacklist, Puff Pastry Quiche Blind Bake, Karakurt Class Corvette Upgrade, Natural Loofah Amazon, Harvest Park City Owner,