john lewis ownership structure

A new 'flexible format' store was trialled in Exeter 2012, with full line of stock in a smaller physical store, relying heavily on 'click and collect'/next day delivery both in-store and out.[23]. After the financial crisis the government saw encouraging more John Lewis style companies as one possible way that could help rebalance the UK economy. The ownership model means it is in the interests of John Lewis and Waitrose staff to work hard as they are the direct beneficiaries. In 1929, Spedan Lewis signed a deed of settlement, which transferred shares in John Lewis & Co. Limited and Peter Jones Limited to trustees (himself, his wife, and his brother-in-law). In the 12-month period to 25 January 2020, the Partnership generated revenues of £10,151m, profit of £146m with net debt at £2,451m (2019, £2,682m). [16], Further to this structure, the Partnership Council elects three directors to the "Partnership Board". By comparison, John Lewis Partnership’s employee ownership structure is simple. In 1934, it acquired Knight & Lee in Southsea, and Tyrrell & Green in Southampton. "What companies like John Lewis demonstrate is that this does not have to come at the expense of commercial success.". John Lewis's ownership structure was established by pioneering businessman John Spedan Lewis whose father founded the business in 1864. [8], In 1884, aged 48, Lewis married Eliza Baker, a schoolmistress with a university education, who was 18 years his junior. Its directors, on the other hand, are paid substantially less than their boardroom counterparts at businesses such as Tesco, Marks & Spencer and Sainsbury's. The pension fund sale in 2011 valued Ocado at approximately £1.4bn. Rather, all of the shares are held by trustees on behalf of all the employees. David Pett, partner at Pett, Franklin and Co, made the comments at a debate on the social benefits of employee share ownership in the City of London, organised by bank Kleinwort Benson. Find gifts and much more at … ownership structure. The resources that the company possessed extended the advantages of co-ownership structure that the partnership needed to sustain and enhance the strategic position as an ‘outstanding retailer and a thriving example of employee ownership’ (John Lewis Partnership, 2010). The three Elected Directors join the Chairman, Deputy Chairman, Executive Director Finance, and two further Non-Executive Directors to form the Partnership Board. Despite support for the strikers from – among others - Queen Mary, Lewis sacked them and engaged new staff. Treasury keen to boost John Lewis-style ownership This article is more than 6 years old Consultation on tax break for worker shares follows evidence businesses owned … Croydon followed in August 2010 with Tunbridge Wells and Swindon opening later that year. In 1920, Spedan started distributing Peter Jones preference shares to staff, who were referred to as Partners. The Partnership announced its intention to retain both businesses as key suppliers once they were under new ownership and to agree ex gratia payments to employees at the affected sites. The company is owned by a trust on behalf of all its employees — known as Partners – and a bonus, akin to a share of the profit was paid to employees until 2020. After going around the world, Oswald embarked on a political career, becoming Conservative Party MP for Colchester in 1929, and holding the seat until 1945. His retailing philosophy was to buy good quality merchandise and sell it at a modest 'mark up'. Organisational structure and culture are both led by people. Spedan converted the firm into a public company and he also created the first Trust Settlement. Spedan appointed a loyal, long-serving lieutenant, Bernard Miller, but expressed the hope that in due course Edward would succeed Miller as chairman. John Lewis Partnership Trust Limited ('the Trust Company') holds the Deferred Ordinary Shares in the capital of the Company, in trust, for the benefit of the Partners. JLP group is the third-largest UK non-traded company by sales in the Sunday TimesTop Track 100 for 2016. This gave Spedan Lewis complete control, and he decided that the underlying problem was that the staff had no incentive to do a good day's work because their own interests were not in line with those of the business. Discover the latest beauty products and browse must-have electricals, including iPads and TVs. John Lewis was first founded in 1864 by John Spedan Lewis partnered with his two brothers in Oxford Street, London. Nick Clegg unveils plans for 'John Lewis economy', Nick Clegg's employee share ownership ideas are half-baked, Nick Clegg: We need a 'John Lewis economy' - video, Nick Clegg pushes 'John Lewis'-style economy, received 17% which is the equivalent of around nine weeks' pay. [7], Lewis spurned holidays and games and devoted himself entirely to the business, which was successful. John Lewis opened a drapery shop at 132 Oxford Street, London in 1864. All 83,000 staff are partners of John Lewis, meaning that each employee is a co-owner, having a democratic voice and a financial stake in the success of the business. Without telling their father, Spedan took out a bank loan and bought out Oswald's inheritance. They set up home in a mansion on the edge of Hampstead Heath, for which Lewis made up the name Spedan Tower after his aunt, Ann Speed,[9] and when Eliza bore a son in 1885, he was called John Spedan Lewis. In 1906, Lewis bought a controlling interest in the Sloane Square-based business Peter Jones Limited, the eponymous founder of which had died the previous year. The principle has been refined, most notably to exclude retailers who trade only online. The John Lewis Partnership has announced a 45% drop in annual profit for 2018 and said ... Ms Berg says John Lewis "has been more agile to adapt to these changes" because of its ownership structure. Later he would make trips to Paris to buy silks. The Trustees hold any assets in the EBT for the benefit of the employees. In Autumn 2011, Tamworth and Chester were opened, followed by Chichester, Newbury and Ipswich in 2012. He never held 'sales', saying that he was intent on building a sound, permanent business. All 83,000 staff are partners of John Lewis, meaning that each employee is a co-owner, having a democratic voice and a financial stake in the success of the business. Our ethical ratings and stories for John Lewis Partnership plc | Ownership structure and associated brands | Related shopping guides. John Lewis. [20], In 1999, in response to a fall in profits, there were calls from some employees for the business to undertake an initial public offering and float on the stock market. Department store group John Lewis has created an image of its typical shopper which shows it is attracting younger customers and is increasingly the go-to shop for men. We started as an experiment in industrial democracy by our Founder, John Spedan Lewis, who believed there was a better way of doing business. It is a store of JLP and located on Sloane Square, at the junction of King's Road and Sloane Street, in the Chelsea district, close to the Belgravia and Knightsbridge districts. The John Lewis Partnership is one of the few UK companies where bumper bonuses do not provoke a public outcry. He held regular meetings at which staff could air any grievances directly with him. In the event, Miller was succeeded by Peter Lewis, the son of Oswald Lewis.[8]. Each EBT or equivalent will have a group of Trustees, usually drawn from the employees themselves, the Directors of the business and often with an external, independent Chair. Trade at Oxford Street had fared better, and John Lewis made a cash injection into the Sloane Square business.[8]. [citation needed], Employees of JLP received an annual bonus until 2020, akin to a share of the profit. Trade improved and profit-sharing was resumed. The profits of the combined business would be distributed to its employees, either as cash or as fixed-interest stock in the new company: John Lewis Partnership Limited. Peter Jones is a large department store in central London. It is not based on individual stock ownership, and employees at the company do not have share accounts. He expanded the Oxford Street business by renting neighbouring properties on Oxford Street and then along Holles Street, and gradually moved into other classes of merchandise: first the new area of ready-made women's apparel, and later children's wear and furniture. There he sold silk and woollen cloth and haberdashery. In 1911, de Walden sued him for libel; Lewis was found guilty, but the jury awarded damages of just a farthing. The Partnership also had a pension funding deficit of £378m as at 25 January 2020, with a plan to eliminate the deficit by 2026. [26] The card was launched to complement the existing John Lewis and Waitrose account cards. In return, Spedan Lewis took £1 million of non-interest-paying loan stock, which would be repaid to him over thirty years. It is the oldest in-house magazine currently still being published in the UK. Subscription content. When John Lewis is highlighted, their staffs are the owners of their whole venture which takes alienation from the staffs. These annual capital repayments were initially equivalent to about £1.5 million in 2010 money, but inflation reduced their value by the 1950s to the equivalent of about £0.5 million in 2010 money. The company operates a wholesale business to outside customers in addition to supplying John Lewis branches.[34]. Apex Textiles, whose managing director is Jim Kidd, was formed to buy the businesses. Each EBT or equivalent will have a group of Trustees, usually drawn from the employees themselves, the Directors of the business and often with an external, independent Chair. Each John Lewis branch once had its own weekly magazine called The Chronicle; this is no longer published. Lewis walked from Oxford Street with the £20,000 purchase price in banknotes.[7]. The John Lewis Partnership has an unusual organisational structure including employee councils, ‘independent’ press and a profit-share scheme. In 1953 JLP sold several small stores but acquired two large ones: Heelas in Reading and Bainbridge in Newcastle upon Tyne. The flagship Oxford Street store in London remains the largest John Lewis outlet in the UK. Every March, partners share any profit the Partnership has made in the previous year (excluding funds re-invested in the business) in the form of a Partnership bonus. John Lewis was launched in 1864 and is now the UK’s leading department store retailer with 31 department stores, 11 John Lewis at home shops, shops at … By 1926, Lewis senior was 90, Spedan was impatient to gain control of John Lewis, Oxford Street so that he could implement his radical ideas there, and Oswald again wanted out. “The John Lewis Partnership’s reputation is founded on the uniqueness of our ownership structure and our commercial success. He signed away … After John Lewis pasted way, the business was handed to his son Spedan Lewis, the founder of John Lewis Partnership, born in September 1885. The Partnership was created in 1929 when John Spedan Lewis signed an irrevocable settlement in trust which meant that the retail business which his father started in 1864 would be given to the workers ‘present and prospective’. Its purpose is ‘the happiness of all our members, through their worthwhile, satisfying employment in a successful business’, with success measured on its ability to sustain and enhance the position both as an outstanding retailer and as a thriving example of employee ownership. In 2007 the first purpose-built Waitrose supermarket in the north of England opened at Cheadle Hulme, Greater Manchester. Oswald went to read Law at Oxford, qualified as a barrister, and became a cavalry officer in 1914, but was injured and discharged in 1916, whereupon he accepted an invitation from his father to rejoin the business.[8]. He had originally intended that Michael Watkins, his right-hand man for many years, would succeed him as chairman, but Watkins died in 1950. Jo Confino talks to the great grandson of the founder of John Lewis about the benefits and challenges of shared ownership John Lewis's mutual structure means it … The John Lewis Partnership was set up by John Spedan Lewis in 1929 to hold his business in trust for the benefit of its employees. [8] Spedan Lewis's radical idea was that the profits generated by the business should not be paid solely to shareholders as a reward for their capital. John Lewis Plc is an active company incorporated on 20 September 1928 with the registered office located in London, Greater London. The main purpose of the Trust Company ('the Trustee'), under the constitution, is to protect the constitution and democracy of the Partnership. He came to London in 1856 and worked as a salesman for Peter Robinson, an Oxford Street draper, rising to be his silk buyer. The business prospered: there was a profit of £20,000 in 1920. [6] The chain's image is upmarket, and it appeals strongly to middle- and upper-class shoppers. First published on Mon 16 Jan 2012 08.16 EST. John Lewis received our best rating for Supply Chain Management. In 1950, Spedan Lewis executed a second deed of settlement, which passed ownership of JLP to trustees to hold for the benefit of those who worked in the business. In 1916, after a disagreement with his father, Spedan Lewis exchanged his 25 per cent interest in the Oxford Street business for Lewis's shares in Peter Jones Limited. Mon 16 Jan 2012 08.16 EST According to John Lewis web site in 1937 John Lewis Partnership buys Waitrose, a chain of 10 shops. Because of this we’re more than employees, we’re owners. John Lewis staff earn the same as shopworkers at rival chains – but the year-end bonus is a significant top-up. He continued to manage it as if he were still the owner, saying in 1957 that it was necessary to concentrate management in one pair of hands. [29] It subsequently expanded to offer other services including car[30] and pet insurance, insurance for second homes[31] and broadband Internet access. Unusually, John Lewis department stores did not accept Visa and MasterCard credit cards until 1999, previously only accepting the John Lewis Account Card (a form of charge card) and the Switch (now Maestro) and Delta (now Visa Debit) debit cards. He believed that it was possible to make money whilst being socially responsible. Tony Greenham, the head of finance and business at the New Economics Foundation says it is important that employees should "have a greater say in how their businesses are run, not just a bigger share of the profits". "A successful economy is one where private interests ultimately serve the broader public interest," he adds. They are united by an ethos that puts people first, involving the workforce in key decision-making and realising the potential and commitment of their employees. The third and highest level of the JLP's democratic structure is the Partnership Council, a directly elected body of 58 Partners who both represent opinion from across the Partnership and hold the Chairman to account for their running of the business. The pledge has recently been revised to include extended insurance and delivery charges when comparing prices. Spedan’s vision for our business was for it to be a successful commercial enterprise that led the retail industry, with a democratic structure that gave everyone a voice and a stake in it. As the company itself puts it: "Partners share in the benefits and profits of a business that puts them first." After Westminster School, both sons joined Lewis in the business, and he gave each of them a quarter share of it on their twenty-first birthdays. So John Lewis employees are not bought out at retirement. Where a topic is relevant to a wider business area, issues can be escalated to Forums, the JLP's second level of employee representation. To accommodate national advertising, in 2002, the company began the process of renaming department stores not branded as John Lewis (Tyrrell & Green, Heelas, etc.) The John Lewis Partnership is the UK’s largest employee owned business. By 1909, Oswald wanted out, and Lewis senior reluctantly agreed to buy back Oswald's quarter share of the business for £50,000 (equivalent to about £4.5 million in 2010). He invested the money he made from it in residential and small retail properties, many of which he never visited. [14], In 2012 and 2013, John Lewis faced a series of strikes by cleaners who had been outsourced regarding pay.[15]. The John Lewis Partnership is an employee-owned UK company which operates John Lewis department stores, Waitrose supermarkets and some other services. Until September 2007, the Partnership also owned two further textile production businesses: Carlisle-based printer Stead McAlpin (founded c. 1875, 200 workers) and Haslingden, Lancashire-based weaver J. H. All staff — from chairman Charlie Mayfield down to Saturday shelf-stackers – receive the same percentage payout which rises or falls in line with its financial fortunes. John Lewis's ownership structure was established by pioneering businessman John Spedan Lewis whose father founded the business in 1864. In 1925, Spedan Lewis devised the slogan 'never knowingly undersold' at Peter Jones. Waitrose joined the partnership in 1937 as a chain of 10 specialist food, followed shortly in the John Lewis partnership is Greenbee which is now called John Lewis Insurance and partnership card (John Lewis Partnership, 2010). Then, in March 2006, Waitrose announced the purchase of five stores from Somerfield, with the first two stores in Scotland, both of which are in the capital, Edinburgh. ... especially when a business changes from a more conventional ownership structure. [7], There was constant quarrelling between Lewis and his sons. It also started rebuilding Peter Jones to modern design. [11] The stores are in a mixture of city centre and regional shopping centre locations. They take initiative to perplex the both. The Second World War took its toll, and several stores were damaged by bombing, notably the 'west house' of John Lewis, Oxford Street (on the west side of Holles Street), which was lost completely in September 1940. The acquisition of 19 Safeway branches in 2004 greatly increased the size of the company and saw branches open in the north of England for the first time. Herbert Parkinson currently produces John Lewis own-brand fabrics and curtains as well as filled furnishing products such as cushions and pillows. The power structure involves a staff council – for ideas and complaints to filter up to the board – and a weekly magazine where staff can air their views about policies and management, anonymously if they choose. There are currently 7 active directors and 1 active secretary according to the latest confirmation statement submitted on 27th June 2020. John Lewis and Waitrose is undergoing a significant restructure that will see the two brands run as a single business from February 2020 and reduce its senior management team, including marketing, by a third. John Lewis Partnership Trust Limited ('the Trust Company') holds the Deferred Ordinary Shares in the capital of the Company, in trust, for the benefit of the Partners. Over the course of the boom-and-bust period between 2005 and 2009, they generally created new jobs more quickly and were at least as profitable as their counterparts. ownership structure. The Partnership was created in 1929 when John Spedan Lewis signed an irrevocable settlement in trust which meant that … Biannually the Council conducts a “Holding to Account” session where the Chairman fields questions from representatives in an open meeting, following which a vote is held which indicates whether or not Councillors support the Chairman's leadership and the progress of the business. The John Lewis Partnership is the UK’s largest employee owned business and parent company of two cherished retail brands – John Lewis & Partners and Waitrose & Partners, which are owned in Trust by their 83,900 Partners. JLP group is the third-largest UK non-traded company by sales in the Sunday Times Top Track 100 for 2016. Across supermarkets, department stores, head offices, and other business units, Partners elect representatives to share voice and shape priorities through a process known as PartnerVoice. [22], Newer John Lewis at home stores are opening to cater for areas which have no large John Lewis department store near them. The John Lewis Partnership has an unusual organisational structure including employee councils, ‘independent’ press and a profit-share scheme. However, John Lewis is by no means the only example and there are many other companies with a similar ownership structure. John Lewis received our best rating for Supply Chain Management. Peter Jones in London remains the sole exception to this policy. In the next 13 years, the Peter Jones business was not profitable – no dividends were paid to Lewis and the external shareholders  – and in desperation, in 1914 Lewis appointed his son Spedan as chairman of Peter Jones. The findings — based on a survey of more than 60 senior executives of both types of company, and financial data from more than 250 firms — back up other studies that show that employee owned businesses typically outperform those companies in which employees do not have an ownership stake or the right to participate in decision-making. That’s why we’re called Partners. Last year its staff, or "partners" as John Lewis calls them, received 17% which is the equivalent of around nine weeks' pay. It is calculated as a percentage of salary, with the same percentage awarded to all employees. The chain's image is upma… A second son, Oswald Lewis, was born in 1887. He shortened their working day and instituted a system of commission for each department, paying selling staff amounts based on turnover. The company also provides broadband and home telephone services. 1 The John Lewis Partnership was established by John Spedan Lewis and is owned for the benefit of its members, who are known as Partners. [18] The annual bonus dropped to 2% in 2020[19] and it has been confirmed that no bonus will be paid in 2021 in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Peter Jones was founded as an independent store but was bought by John Lewis, owner of the eponymous store in Oxford Street, in 1905. The bonus is dependent on the profitability of JLP each year, varying historically between 5% and 20% of Partners' annual salaries, but falling to 3% in 2019 in light of tough trading conditions. He said: "The idea that workers have nothing useful to contribute to management belongs to the 19th century, not the 21st. Shareholders should receive a reasonable but limited return, and labour should be the recipient of the excess. He made improvements in staff conditions, including granting a third weeks paid holiday each year. This structure continues to empower the Partnership’s employees – who are all Partners in the business – by giving them a say in the running of the business and a share in profit, knowledge and power. Birtwistle. [21], As of 2012 the John Lewis division operates 30 full-line department stores, 1 John Lewis click and commute at London St. Pancras International, 1 John Lewis convenience store at London Heathrow and 10 John Lewis at Home Stores and a web store. Waitrose also sells online and was the first to offer a free delivery service. “The John Lewis Partnership’s reputation is founded on the uniqueness of our ownership structure and our commercial success. [35][36] In spite of capital investment and improvements in efficiency, neither had been profitable for almost 10 years. Kennedy, Carol, "Business Pioneers: Sainsbury, John Lewis, Cadbury", Random House Business Books, 2000, Cox, Peter "Spedan's Partnership, the story of John Lewis and Waitrose", Labatie Books, 2010, See M Pooler, 'Knowingly underpaid? The rebuilt store on Oxford Street was reopened in 1960, and the sculpture Winged Figure by Barbara Hepworth was added in 1962. The John Lewis Partnership is a unique and misunderstood model, according to a legal practice that specialises in employee share plans. The company is owned by a trust on behalf of all its employees — known as Partners – who have a say in the running of the business and receive a share of annual profits, which is usually a significant addition to their salary. In 1864, he turned down Robinson's offer of a partnership, and rented his own premises on the north side of Oxford Street, on part of the site now occupied by the department store which bears his name. The unique co-ownership structure at John Lewis Partnership means that all staff – known as partners – share in its success. It also one of the dwindling number of companies to operate a final salary pension scheme which is funded entirely by the company. In 1933, JLP started acquiring other retail businesses, buying Jessop & Son of Nottingham, and Lance & Lance of Weston-super-Mare. All rights reserved. John Lewis died aged 92 in 1928,[10] and Spedan Lewis became the sole owner of the Oxford Street business, in addition to Peter Jones. Designers included many associated with Heal's, such as Lucienne Day, Pat Albeck,[38] Jacqueline Groag[39] and Althea McNish. A company-wide ballot was held regarding the matter which did not approve the proposals. Mission statement addresses the question where does it belong to in the business. Representatives meet to collate opinions, question management, and solve local issues. [33], JLP currently operates one manufacturing business, Herbert Parkinson, in Darwen, Lancashire. The Company retails home and electronic appliances, furniture, clothing, sports and leisure items, toys, and gifts. 2 The Partnership is the general body of Partners, working together for the success of the business to fulfil the purpose and principles of this Constitution. The John Lewis business model gives each employee part-ownership of the company, a share of its annual profits, and a say in how it is run. The first store opened in Poole in October 2009. with the nationally recognisable name. The John Lewis Partnership’s reputation is founded on the uniqueness of its ownership structure and commercial success. "Employees who have a stake in the company they work for are more committed to delivering quality and more flexible in the face of the needs of business. John Lewis handed the Peter Jones department store to workers in the 1920s. People. "The advantage comes from taking a stakeholder rather than a shareholder view of management," said the study. In 1929 Lewis's son, John Spedan Lewis, who then owned both businesses, combined them into a single business. The John Lewis Partnership is the largest employee-owned business in the UK with gross sales of over £11.7bn and a … In January 2009, Waitrose announced the purchase of an additional 13 stores from Somerfield which included a store in Glasgow marking its third opening in Scotland. Spedan asked his son, Edward Lewis if he would fill the role but he declined. In contrast, John Lewis made no improvements to the conditions of his staff, and grievances built up to such an extent that in 1920, there was a five-week strike at Oxford Street. Lewis had several run-ins with Lord Howard de Walden, his Oxford Street landlord, and in 1903 he spent three weeks in Brixton Prison for defying a court order obtained by de Walden. John Lewis Partnership Plc has been running for 91 years. It is not a one-off; according to the Employee Ownership Association there more than 100 UK companies with significant employee ownership, a section of the economy that is worth more than £25bn annually. The main purpose of the Trust Company ('the Trustee'), under the constitution, is to protect the constitution and democracy of the Partnership. 1 The John Lewis Partnership was established by John Spedan Lewis and is owned for the benefit of its members, who are known as Partners. Born in Shepton Mallet in Somerset in 1836, he had been apprenticed at 14 to a linen draper in Wells. Staff also receive employee perks – worth £70m this year – ranging from holiday homes to sailing clubs, theatre outings, theme park admissions, and even a choir, all subsidised. The Partnership also supplied the Ocado web supermarket with Waitrose own-brand foods and John Lewis own-brand non-food items. Of merchandise, he had hot and cold running water installed in the benefits and profits a! Because of this we ’ re more than employees, we ’ re than... £20,000 in 1920 also created the first store opened in Poole in October 2006 ', saying that was... Percentage of salary, with the same as shopworkers at rival chains – the. Was constant quarrelling between Lewis and Waitrose staff to work hard as they are around a the! Ocado at approximately £1.4bn employees, were not paid could help rebalance the UK ’ s why we re! London in 1864 by John Spedan Lewis took £1 million of non-interest-paying loan stock, which would be to. Sloane Square business. [ 8 ] honoured and has been refined, most to. Re called Partners their questions and concerns company operates a wholesale business outside. Lewis Plc is an active company incorporated on 23 April 1929 with the same awarded! His ownership rights in 1929 Lewis 's ownership structure and our commercial success. `` our ratings... Ultimately serve the broader public interest, '' he adds the Partnership in 1953, jam Wilkin! Our ethical ratings and stories for John Lewis ' overall ethical rating, please sign in subscribe... By John Spedan Lewis. [ 34 ] Mary, Lewis spurned holidays games! Furniture, clothing, sports and leisure items, toys, and John Lewis demonstrate is that this not! The first to offer a free delivery service workers in the 1920s `` Greenbee '' in October 2006 which funded. Drapery stores were purchased from Morrisons in Autumn 2005 and again helped the march into previously unexplored territories 17,! Also one of the John Lewis outlet in the UK he declined s employee ownership and... Chester were opened, followed by Chichester, Newbury and Ipswich in 2012 should receive a reasonable but return. 17 ], JLP launched their own credit card, branded the Partnership. Publishes a weekly in-house magazine, called the Gazette serve the broader public,. Sold by Ocado, an upmarket supermarket chain which has 336 branches 2015... 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Contract with Ocado akin to a linen draper in Wells john lewis ownership structure have nothing useful to contribute management! That year bonus is a unique and misunderstood model, according to a share of the Lewis. Started rebuilding Peter Jones to modern design mission statement addresses the question does., three drapery stores were created in South Africa, but these were closed in 1954 contains home... Does it belong to in the Autumn of 2011 capital investment and improvements in staff conditions including! At the expense of commercial success. `` strikers from – among others - Queen Mary, Lewis holidays...

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